C++ Coding Standards: 101 Rules, Guidelines, and Best Practices

44. SummaryDiscussionExamplesReferences...

Avoid membership fees: Where possible, prefer making functions nonmember nonfriends....

Nonmember nonfriend functions improve encapsulation by minimizing dependencies: The body of the function cannot come to depend on the nonpublic members of the class (see...

Example: basic_string. The standard basic_string is a needlessly monolithic class with member functionsof which 71 could be written as nonmember nonfriends without loss of efficiency....

[Lakos96] §3.6.1, §9.• [McConnell93] §5.• [Murray93] §• [Meyers00] • [Stroustrup00] §10.3.2, §11.3.2, §11.3.5, §11.5.2, §21.2.• [Sutter00] §20 • [Sutter04] §37-40...