Photoshop Fine Arts Effects Cookbook

3.1. Daguerreotypes The world's first photographic process was announced in Paris in 1839 by Louis Daguerre. It used a silver-plated copper sheet that was sensitized with iodine, exposed, and then developed in mercury vapor...

3.2. Calotypes and salted paper prints While Louis Daguerre was the first to announce his technique, in the 1830s, the English scientist Henry Fox Talbot had also been working on a photographic process. The Calotype was ...

3.3. Cartes de visite Postcard-sized cartes de visite depicted the personalities of the day and were popular collectibles in the mid-19th century. One of the most celebrated collections belonged to John Hay, President Abraham ...

3.4. Ambrotypes and tintypes While researching wet-plate collodion methods, Frederick Scott Archer found that by placing an underexposed glass negative in front of a dark background, he could produce a positive image. This ...

3.5. Wet-plate collodion Wet-plate collodion was the primary photographic process in use between the 1850s and 1880s. Collodion was a viscous liquid used to coat glass plates with light-sensitive salts, which needed to be wet when the ...

3.6. Cyanotypes The first book of photographs was produced in 1843 by Anna Atkins, who used the cyanotype process discovered by scientist Sir John Herschel (who coined the word "photography"). Atkins placed ferns and other translucent pla...

3.7. Stop-motion photography In the 1870s, Leland Stanford, a former Governor of California, had Eadweard Muybridge photograph trotting and galloping horses to ascertain whether all four hooves were ever simultaneously off the...

3.8. High art and the Pre-Raphaelites While scientific experimentation drove much of photography's early history, other practitioners sought to marry its techniques to artistic interpretation and tradition. Julia Marg...

3.9. The Naturalists Toward the end of the 19th century, Pictorialism and High Art had run their course, and contrived studio scenes and combination printing techniques were considered passé. In both America and Great B...

3.10. Platinum paper Platinum printing was invented in the 1870s. Like the cyanotype, the process relied on lightsensitive iron salts. These were combined with either platinum or palladium salts and coated onto printing paper,...

3.11. Gum bichromate Popular during the 1850s, gum bichromate printing involved coating paper with gum arabic containing chemicals and colored pigment. When a negative was exposed onto this paper, parts of the coating would...

3.12. Autochrome color images In 1907, the Lumière brothers introduced "autochrome," the first commercially successful color process. Glass was coated in a fine mosaic of red, green, and blue dyed potato starches which ...

3.13. American avant-garde In the 1920s, many artists and photographers made radical moves to overthrow traditional or "realist" arts in a bid to be more experimental. American photographers such as Man Ra...

3.14. The Surrealists Surrealist artists of the 1920s, such as Man Ray, often worked in more than one medium-but for many, photography was the ideal form for exploring their ideas. Torsos, hands, and other anatomical fea...

3.15. Abstract cityscapes The rapid growth of high-rise cities offered early 20th-century photographers fresh viewpoints and a new, graphic landscape. At the time, the emphasis was on technical purity combined w...

3.16. Modernism and the natural form The 1920s saw the emergence of more abstract styles of photography, echoing the Modernist painting of the period. Edward Weston was a leading exponent, depicting natural forms s...

3.17. Depression era From the 1920s onward, governments suddenly discovered the value of photography as a tool for documentation-and propaganda. In the Soviet Union and Germany, photographers were commissioned to produce...

3.18. Art Deco flowers Flowers are an enduringly popular subject for photography. Some of the most memorable images were created in the 1920s and 1930s by two remarkable photographers, Tina Modotti and Imogen Cunningham....

3.19. The black-and-white landscape Aclassic black-and-white landscape shot seems so natural and realistic, it's easy to imagine all you need to do is find Ansel Adams's viewpoint in Yosemite, expose your picture, and convert it ...

3.20. Powerful portraits Many distinguished historical and cultural figures are virtually defined by their portraitsjust think of Yousuf Karsh's iconic image of Winston Churchill. Today, the trend in portraiture is for more spontaneous...

3.21. Maximizing the mundane While certain photographers may be strongly associated with one genre, many shoot personal images of other kinds, too. Usually thought of as a fashion photographer, Irving Penn created a stir with pic...

3.22. The age of jazz Record covers, posters, and promotional stills amply demonstrate that photography has the power to evoke both an era and its sound. Asked to describe the typical jazz-age photograph, you'd probably think of black-and-wh...

3.23. Photojournalism of the 1960s and 1970s Photojournalism wasn't new in the 1960s and it didn't end in the 1970s, but, throughout these two decades, newspapers, magazines, and agencies such as Magnum offered a platform for many r...

3.24. Surreal photomontage Until the arrival of digital imaging in the late 1980s, photomontage was a laborious task. It often involved painting masking fluid onto photographic paper, exposing one image, then removing the fluid and rep...

3.25. Tranquil landscapes In the 1990s, there was a period of renewed interest in the minimalist style of Japanese design. Many fine art photographers were inspired by this spare Japanese approach, and began to create black...

3.26. Fine art flowers As still-life subjects, flowers are perfect. Photographers have many different reasons for selecting them: some photojournalists have turned to still life after one war experience too many; Imogen Cunningham shot fl...

3.27. The kitsch and the quirky While some photographers pursue classical beauty and others seek out the newsworthy, there are a few who make a virtue of kitsch and the exceptionally ordinary. Making tourists the focus of a composit...

3.28. The color landscape As digital photography appeared on the horizon in the 1980s, film technology was also improving rapidly, changing the style of color landscape photography. Though no one ever wrote a song in its praise, som...

3.29. Lith printing Lith prints are black-and-white with strikingly high contrast. In the darkroom, the photographic paper is overexposed and then developed in a thinly diluted lith developer. But it is snatched from the chemical befor...

3.30. Split-toning Photographers have always toned fine black-and-white prints. The main reason is for archival stability, but more recently toning has been used largely for aesthetic reasons. Depending on the printmakers' choice of photo...

3.31. Infrared black and white We can't see the infrared part of the light spectrum, but it can be recorded on special film or by digital sensors. Pioneered by the scientist Robert Wood, infrared film was commercially available from...

3.32. The scraped Polaroid In the 1970s, the photographer Les Krims produced a set of images on Polaroid instant film on which the wet emulsion had been scraped and distorted. First known as the Krimsograph, and widely known after i...

3.33. Polaroid image transfers The Polaroid image transfer is another popular fine art photographic technique. After exposing the image onto instant film, the film is dragged into different shapes during development. The negative contains dye a...

3.34. Polaroid emulsion lifts Polaroid emulsion transfer is a fine art technique that produces delicate, uniquely beautiful photographs characterized by flowing patterns of fine wrinkles. It uses the same film as the image transfer method, b...

3.35. The joiner In the pre-digital era, it was fun to see your pictures immediately with the aid of Polaroid instant film, and it is still used in professional photography for test exposures to cut down film costs. Artists have exploited th...