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Apache, perhaps the most used and most extensible Web server, took this idea a step
further and incorporated the Perl interpreter. This extension, called mod_perl, allows any
Perl program, with some minor modifications, to run as part of the Web server.
However, extending the Web server this way is not for the faint of heart! It typically
requires a lot of knowledge about the inner details of how the Web server works, as well
as very careful programming. If an error causes a CGI to exit prematurely, no harm is
done, as the next request will simply start a new one. Even Fast CGIs can typically
recover after a crash. But if an extension to the Web server crashes, the whole server is
likely to go down.
Updating extensions to the Web server is even more difficult than updating a Fast CGI,
and only a few system administrators within any given company will typically have the
knowledge and permissions to do so. This makes such an extension useful only for
adding very fundamental kinds of functions, such as new registration or security features,
and not at all well suited to CGI-like applications.
Another approach to improving performance was taken by application servers.
Application servers combine the best features of Fast CGIs and server extensions. Like
Fast CGIs, an application server runs as a separate process and stays running between
requests. This eliminates the cost of starting a new program each time. Like server
extensions, application servers are extensible, allowing programmers to add new features
as needed. This architecture is illustrated in

Figure 1.5
.
Figure 1.5. An application server.

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